cd44 astrocytes  (Nikon)

Journal: Cells

Article Title: The Matrix Receptor CD44 Is Present in Astrocytes throughout the Human Central Nervous System and Accumulates in Hypoxia and Seizures.

doi: 10.3390/cells13020129

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1. Superior frontal cortex shows CD44 positivity in subpial (Pia), interlaminar astrocytes, and white matter (WM) astrocytes, but not in the protoplasmic astrocytes of the cortex (A). Higher magnification of the pial surface and upper cortex shows the long interlaminar processes, radial to the pial surface (arrows) (B). Higher magnification of the white matter and lower cortex shows long astrocyte processes emerging into the cortex (arrows) (B’). (B,B’) are not from (A) but from other specimens, but all cortical specimens show the same pattern. The subcortical white matter contains dense astrocyte processes (C). Higher magnification of white matter astrocytes, which extend long processes in many directions, although the longest processes are roughly parallel and in the direction of axonal tracts (D,E). All specimens are counterstained with hematoxylin. Scale bars: (A) 250 µm, (B) 50 µm, (C) 25 µm, (D,E) 20 µm.

Article Snippet: All CD44+ astrocytes were counted in 20X (numerical aperture 0.40) objective fields on a Nikon BX43 microscope.

Techniques:

Journal: Cells

Article Title: The Matrix Receptor CD44 Is Present in Astrocytes throughout the Human Central Nervous System and Accumulates in Hypoxia and Seizures.

doi: 10.3390/cells13020129

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2. Caudate and putamen show CD44 positivity in the subependymal region, the internal capsule (IC), and the white matter fibers of the striatum (A). Higher magnification of the subependy- mal regions shows a dense network of CD44+ processes, some of which extend into the caudate (B). Higher magnification of the subependymal network (C,D). CD44+ processes extend between ependymal cells over the dorsal caudate to the ventricle in the dorsal area (C), but far fewer of these are present in more caudal areas (D). Confocal imaging also reveals CD44+ processes in between ependymal cells (arrows) (E, CD44—green, GFAP—red, DAPI—blue, (F, CD44+ only). Specimens (A–D) are counterstained with hematoxylin. Scale bars: (A) 5 mm, (B) 100 µm, (C–F) 20 µm.

Article Snippet: All CD44+ astrocytes were counted in 20X (numerical aperture 0.40) objective fields on a Nikon BX43 microscope.

Techniques: Imaging

Journal: Cells

Article Title: The Matrix Receptor CD44 Is Present in Astrocytes throughout the Human Central Nervous System and Accumulates in Hypoxia and Seizures.

doi: 10.3390/cells13020129

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3. The anterior thalamus, including the latero-dorsal (LDTN), dorso-medial (DMTN), and latero-ventral (L&VTN) nuclei and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) show CD44 positivity around blood vessels and in white matter striae (A). CD44+ processes intercalate between ependymal cells (the line from A to B denotes the ependymal and subependymal area shown in (B)). Higher magnification of the boxed area in (A) shows a large blood vessel surrounded by CD44+ astrocytes, which send long unbranched processes into the parenchyma (arrows indicate some of the many processes) (C). Some of the CD44+ astrocytes in the L&VTN do not apparently contact blood vessels (arrows, (D)). Myelinated fiber bands of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are CD44+ (E). CD44+ surrounds magnocellular neurons (arrows, (F)) but not parvicellular neurons (arrows, (G)). All specimens are counterstained with hematoxylin. Scale bars: (A) 5 mm, (B) 10 µm, (C,D) 50 µm, (F,G) 20 µm.

Article Snippet: All CD44+ astrocytes were counted in 20X (numerical aperture 0.40) objective fields on a Nikon BX43 microscope.

Techniques:

Journal: Cells

Article Title: The Matrix Receptor CD44 Is Present in Astrocytes throughout the Human Central Nervous System and Accumulates in Hypoxia and Seizures.

doi: 10.3390/cells13020129

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. A section through the layers of the hippocampus (A) show CD44 positivity in the alveus (AL) and stratum lacunosum (SL). Thin, unbranched CD44+ processes run through the stratum oriens (SO) toward the pyramidal layer (stratum pyramidale, SP) (A,B). CD44+ processes do not surround pyramidal cells. Astrocytes in the stratum pyramidale, stratum radiatum (SR), and stratum moleculare (SM) show little CD44 reactivity. Dentate gyrus (DG). A higher magnification (B) shows the radially oriented processes in the SO. A higher magnification also shows the CD44+ processes (arrow) emanating from the subgranular zone of the CA4 sector through the dentate gyrus (DG, bracket) into the stratum moleculare (B’). (B,B’) are from a different specimen than (A), but all hippocampal specimens show the same patterns. Temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (TH LV). All specimens are counterstained with hematoxylin. Scale bars: (A) 250 µm, (B,B’) 200 µm.

Article Snippet: All CD44+ astrocytes were counted in 20X (numerical aperture 0.40) objective fields on a Nikon BX43 microscope.

Techniques:

Journal: Cells

Article Title: The Matrix Receptor CD44 Is Present in Astrocytes throughout the Human Central Nervous System and Accumulates in Hypoxia and Seizures.

doi: 10.3390/cells13020129

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 5. A section through the cerebellar cortex shows CD44+ long processes arising from the pial surface and entering the molecular layer (A). Some appear to begin in the granule cell layer and project into the molecular layer (see Supplemental Figure S3D). Fine CD44+ processes course through the granule cell layer, surrounding groups of granule cells, but do not surround individual granule cells. CD44+ processes (arrows) run through the dentate nucleus but do not surround dentate neurons (one labeled with *) (B). CD44+ astrocytes at or near the pial surface of the molecular layer extend processes parallel to the pia or into the molecular layer (C–F). Molecular layer (Mol), purkinje cell layer (PC), granule cell layer (GC). All specimens are counterstained with hematoxylin. Scale bars: (A) 100 µm, (B–F) 20 µm.

Article Snippet: All CD44+ astrocytes were counted in 20X (numerical aperture 0.40) objective fields on a Nikon BX43 microscope.

Techniques: Labeling

Journal: Cells

Article Title: The Matrix Receptor CD44 Is Present in Astrocytes throughout the Human Central Nervous System and Accumulates in Hypoxia and Seizures.

doi: 10.3390/cells13020129

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6. The midbrain appears complex, with CD44 staining of white matter tracts such as the cerebral peduncles (CP) and medial lemniscus (CP). The red nucleus (RN) contains CD44+ astrocytes. The substantia nigra (SN) appears relatively free of CD44+ staining (A). Neurons of the oculomotor nucleus (OMN) are surrounded by CD44+ staining (arrow shows one of these neurons) (B), but neurons of the substantia nigra are not (C). Aqueduct of Sylvius (AQ). Scale bars: (A) 5 mm, (B,C) 25 µm.

Article Snippet: All CD44+ astrocytes were counted in 20X (numerical aperture 0.40) objective fields on a Nikon BX43 microscope.

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Cells

Article Title: The Matrix Receptor CD44 Is Present in Astrocytes throughout the Human Central Nervous System and Accumulates in Hypoxia and Seizures.

doi: 10.3390/cells13020129

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 8. A hemi-section through the thoracic spinal cord, dorsal at top, ventral at bottom, shows many CD44+ processes, including white matter tracts (A). Motor neurons of the anterior horn (B), intermediolateralis (C), and Clarke’s column (D) are surrounded by CD44+ processes. One neuron in each panel is shown by an arrow. Anterior horn (AH), nucleus intermediolateralis (IL). Clarke’s column (CC). Specimens in (A–D) are counterstained with hematoxylin. Double immunolabeling for CD44—green and GFAP—red, showing low magnification of ventral horn (E, motor neuron *) and high magnification of the same anterior horn motor neuron (F, double stain, F’, CD44, F”, GFAP). Scale bars: (A), 5 mm, (B–F) 20 µm.

Article Snippet: All CD44+ astrocytes were counted in 20X (numerical aperture 0.40) objective fields on a Nikon BX43 microscope.

Techniques: Immunolabeling, Staining

Journal: Cells

Article Title: The Matrix Receptor CD44 Is Present in Astrocytes throughout the Human Central Nervous System and Accumulates in Hypoxia and Seizures.

doi: 10.3390/cells13020129

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 9. Examples of GFAP+/CD44+ double-labeled astrocytes in the hypoglossal nucleus (A), in the caudate parenchyma, excluding the pencil fibers (B), around small arteries (C), and the subependymal lining of the caudate nucleus (D). A higher magnification of A shows the double labeling (E). Note that

Article Snippet: All CD44+ astrocytes were counted in 20X (numerical aperture 0.40) objective fields on a Nikon BX43 microscope.

Techniques: Labeling

Journal: Cells

Article Title: The Matrix Receptor CD44 Is Present in Astrocytes throughout the Human Central Nervous System and Accumulates in Hypoxia and Seizures.

doi: 10.3390/cells13020129

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 11. (A) Section of rat brain 7 days after left-sided tMCAO. Note the large number of CD44+- green signals on the left cortex and striatum and far fewer on the right side. This is a section from one of four separate experiments. The white rectangles delineate the areas in which GFAP+/CD44+ cells were counted for quantitation. Quantitative measurements of double-labeled cells are shown in (B,C), displayed as the percentages of GFAP+ cells that are also CD44+. * p = 0.021, *** p = 0.001, bars are SEM. Lower magnification (D) and higher magnification of boxed area (D’) show CD44+/GFAP+ as- trocytes in the ipsilateral cortex. CD44—green, GFAP—red. The contralateral cortex only shows small numbers of lightly stained GFAP+ astrocytes; in this field, none is CD44+ (E). In (E), GFAP—green, CD44—red. In (D,E), the top row shows GFAP and CD44, and the bottom row shows only CD44 of the same field. A total of 6457 and 3004 astrocytes were counted in the hypoxic cortex and striatum, respectively, and 6212 and 1790 in the control cortex and striatum, in aggregate from 4 separate brains, each point is one brain. Scale bars: (A) 2 mm, (D) 240 µm, (E) 25 µm. The optically empty spaces in the right hemisphere in (A) are sectioning artifacts.

Article Snippet: All CD44+ astrocytes were counted in 20X (numerical aperture 0.40) objective fields on a Nikon BX43 microscope.

Techniques: Quantitation Assay, Labeling, Staining, Control

Journal: Cells

Article Title: The Matrix Receptor CD44 Is Present in Astrocytes throughout the Human Central Nervous System and Accumulates in Hypoxia and Seizures.

doi: 10.3390/cells13020129

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 12. Changes in CD44 in the sclerotic hippocampus in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Compare with Figure 4. There is an apparent increase in CD44 in all layers (abbreviations as in Figure 4) (A). The radially oriented astrocyte processes in the dentate granule layer (DGL), which extend into the molecular layer (SM), are CD44+ (B). Pyramidal neurons, which are normally not surrounded by CD44+ processes, have become so (C,D). (D) is the boxed area in (C). Pyramidal neurons are surrounded by CD44+ processes in another epilepsy specimen (E). Arrows represent pyramidal neurons surrounded by CD44+ processes. CA1, cornu ammonis 1, CA4, cornu ammonis 4. All specimens are counterstained with hematoxylin. Scale bars: (A) 200 µm, (B) 25 µm, (C) 25 µm, (D,E) 20 µm.

Article Snippet: All CD44+ astrocytes were counted in 20X (numerical aperture 0.40) objective fields on a Nikon BX43 microscope.

Techniques:

Journal: Cells

Article Title: The Matrix Receptor CD44 Is Present in Astrocytes throughout the Human Central Nervous System and Accumulates in Hypoxia and Seizures.

doi: 10.3390/cells13020129

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 13. Temporal isocortex in individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy. In some resections, many astrocytes have become CD44+ (A). In others, fewer are CD44+ (B,C). The pial surface of the cortex is at the top. A higher magnification of CD44+ astrocytes in the temporal isocortex reveals that many of them have extended long processes, an abnormal morphology for protoplasmic astrocytes (D). The specimen in (D) is counterstained with hematoxylin. Scale bars: (A–C) 250 µm, (D) 20 µm.

Article Snippet: All CD44+ astrocytes were counted in 20X (numerical aperture 0.40) objective fields on a Nikon BX43 microscope.

Techniques:

Journal: Cells

Article Title: The Matrix Receptor CD44 Is Present in Astrocytes throughout the Human Central Nervous System and Accumulates in Hypoxia and Seizures.

doi: 10.3390/cells13020129

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 14. Cortical astrocytes become CD44+ in the rat entorhinal cortex 3 days after pilocarpine- induced seizures. A low magnification image shows strong GFAP+/CD44+ immunostaining in the subpial layer at the left of the image, no GFAP immunostaining in the necrotic layer (n) beneath the subpial layer, and strong GFAP+/CD44+ immunostaining in the layer beneath that (A). The normal entorhinal cortex in the control age-matched rat shows subpial astrocytes that are GFAP+/CD44+, but otherwise, there are very few double-labeled astrocytes (B). A higher magnification of the cortex shows the subpial gliosis, the necrotic layer outlined by the dotted line, and the gliotic layer beneath that (C). The necrotic zone contains CD44+ blood vessels (arrows) and round, CD44+ inflammatory cells (C’) but no astrocytes (C”). The gliotic zone under the necrotic layer (right side of the image) contains astrocytes, many of which are GFAP+/CD44+ (D,D’). Arrows show GFAP+/CD44−astro- cytes. Many are also double labeled, the CD44 showing the usually fine processes of the astrocyte domains. The width of the reactive astrocyte part of the cortex is denoted by a 500 µm dotted line in (E). In all images, GFAP—red, CD44—green, DAPI—blue. (F) Quantitative measurements of double-labeled cells displayed as the proportions of GFAP+ cells that were also CD44+. A total of 637 GFAP+ astrocytes were counted in 3 pilocarpine and 3 control brains. *** p = 0.001, bars are SEM. Scale bars: (A,B) 440 µm, (C) 220 µm, (D) 65 µm, (E) 220 µm.

Article Snippet: All CD44+ astrocytes were counted in 20X (numerical aperture 0.40) objective fields on a Nikon BX43 microscope.

Techniques: Immunostaining, Control, Labeling